Books By 2019 Booker Prize Winner Bernadine Evaristo

Books By 2019 Booker Prize Winner Bernadine Evaristo Girl, Woman, Other  may have elevated her visibility in the commercial sphere but Bernardine Evaristo has been writing extraordinary literary fiction for many years. This years joint Booker Prize winner is not just a one-trick pony. Margaret Atwood may be the better known Booker Prize winner, but Bernardine Evaristo is no mere mortal in the world of writing. There is a whole wealth of books and other writing by Evaristo that has long escaped my notice. As well as publishing seven books, she also writes poetry, essays, literary criticism, short fiction, and has created projects for the stage and television. She has earned copious prestigious letters after her name (MBE, FRSL, FRSE) honouring the amazing contributions she has made in the arts. For nearly 20 years Bernardine has been giving a voice to those in the African diaspora. Just read a few pages of Girl, Woman, Other and her genius very clearly comes to light. If youre anything like me, once you read one great book by an author, you want to read them all. Thankfully, Bernardine has a very achievable seven novels and many of them arent too long at all. However, its not always a great idea to read them in order of publication. Below is a handy dandy list of all the books by Bernardine Evaristo and my suggestions on the order of which to read them. Of course, you can read them in any order you please. Just make sure you read them. Girl, Woman, Other If you only read one more book this year, please make it this one. Is it a story about 12 individuals, mostly women? Yes. Is it a story about human society as a whole? Hell yes. This is a novel that states very important messages without even an ounce of preachiness. There are a plethora of characters, not all of them immediately likable but all of them relatable. They love, they fight, they are prejudiced and sexist and often just trying to make sense of the ever-changing world. I have never read anything like this and I plan to keep rereading it over and over again. Mr. Loverman Novels about gay, 70-something-year-old Caribbean men are few and far between. Thank goodness we have this gem to turn to. As with Girl, Woman, Other, Bernardine Evaristo doesnt hold back from stepping into the mire of controversy and exploring the prejudices that different communities would rather keep under wraps. Best of all, she explores it from a place of love. Where there could be judgement, there is understanding. And Evaristos everlasting humour shines through yet again. This might sound like a very award-worthy book. It is. Its also very accessible and brilliant. Blonde Roots I call this Noughts and Crosses for grown-ups. Set in a world where the transatlantic slave trade was reversed and Africans enslaved Europeans, Evaristo explores how everything that has come to influence our attitudes, prejudices, and the insidiousness of racism would be changed. This book invites the reader into a world of critical thinking infused with the dry satiric humour I loved in Girl, Woman, Other.   Hello, Mum A short but powerful book about gang crime in London. Written in the voice of a 14-year-old boy, this short novella steers many readers into unfamiliar territory. Its an emotionally tough read. Youve been warned. Lara Now we enter into the novel-in-verse years. The first novel-in-verse I read was The Poet X and, although Im not a huge poetry buff, I adored it. The same thing happened with this book. This novel traces the lineages of two disparate families through the past and present to one mixed-race child, Lara, and her experiences growing in London in the 60s and 70s. This was Evaristos first published novel and the last one to be published by an independent press before she was snapped up by the Penguin family. Which just goes to show it was the beginning of us all recognising her genius. The Emperors Babe A historical novel in verse. Did I not say this woman is a genius? Also, if youre looking for a historical novel featuring black people in which they are not slaves, here you go. Let your love for her work develop before you attempt this one. Dont get me wrong, its fantastic. But Im not a huge poetry buff so this one did take a little more time. However, this is just the beginning of Evaristos catalogue of powerful and vulnerable black women breaking out of the sole identity of immigrant. Soul Tourists To be honest, I hate the cover of this book. But weve all be taught not to judge books by their cover and so we definitely dont do that, right?   However, this is also my least favourite of Evaristos books. It blends a number of different forms, poetry, prose, straight dialogue, and becomes somewhat of a fantasy version of Along Came Polly. Although it was my least favourite, it might end up being your favourite. Whichever order you read them in, I promise youll be highly enriched by reading any/all of Bernardine Evaristos books. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers.

Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter - Free Essay Example

In terms of embroidery, sewing and clothing in The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, the aspect of embroidery seems to take a dominant role in how the plot pans out, how the characters transform and are shaped, as well as the the persistent main themes and points that are crafted through the use of this one type of form of art that seems like a simple act of sewing. The embroiderment on Hester represents her beloved daughter Pearl, while also her individuality, and to Hester, together they both are a reflection of who she is and all that encompasses her. But this symbolism morphes and grows into more than what we think it represents as she continues to wear it while embracing all that it brings to her. When we examine the circumstances Hester is faced with, she understands the shame and immorality of wedlock with the towns preacher. But, at the same time she had a choice to make where she could either wallow in despair and disgrace like Puritan society wanted her to, or she could acknowledge what she had done along with the consequences and move on to lead a healthy and happy life. Embellishing the A was her way of owning her mistake without letting it overcome her. By embellishing the symbol of her adultery and promiscuity with gold, Hester is most certainly reclaiming its power for herself. It was meant to be a sign of shame, so for her to own it and make it hers was to laugh in the face of those who condemned her to wear it. As it is described so ornately, the reader must know that it has more significance to it than meets the eye while reading. On the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread, appeared the letter A. It was so artistically done, and with so much fertility and gorgeous luxuriance of fancy, that it had all the effect of a last and fitting decoration to the apparel which she wore; and which was of a splendor in accordance with the taste of the age, but greatly beyond what was allowed by the sumptuary regulations of the colony (2, 10). Hester was not so much ashamed of her relationship with Dimesdale. Rather, she stood by him and protected him by not reve aling the true parentage of her child. Hester using the color gold is especially interesting because it may have been used primarily for more expensive or dressier clothing in her embroidery work for the townspeople. It can also be noted that Hesters proficiency in needle work has a symbolic meaning as well and can be directed to her independent character. The defiant spirit, which is clear when the book describes her with a haughty smile when she stands on the scaffold with little Pearl in her arms. This also compels her to use her needle to ornament with gold embroidery her mark of shame and to making a living scarlet letter of Pearl. Along with the symbols that are accompanied with the aspect of embroidering, lest we forget about the sewing needle. There is a significant connection that hints at symbolism with the needle that cannot be denied. Although Hesters skill at needle work is admired wildly and is always in demand, she is not being commanded to embroider even a single wedding dress. Here, needle work functions as a symbol, indicative of the attitude of the puritan settlers towards penance, guilt and sin. It does not encourage Hesters social position being restored among the townspeople, and there is absolutely no hope in sight for her scarlet sin being washed off. The letter A makes her social banishment painfully complete. The exclusion of her needle from embroidering a wedding dress completely symbolizes the harshness of the Puritan attitude. As Hester builds a new life for herself, her charity and precious work end up altering the letters initial symbolism that it holds. Some people even refused to interpret the scarlet A by its original signification (8, 3), which they essentially forget or choose to forget that its a symbol of her sin of wedlock with Dimesdale. Rather, they exclaim that the A stands for Able to imply that she is a woman who is readily able to do what it takes for anything. As the plot progresses and Hester continues wearing this embroiderment, the letter even grows more so to achieve a status of certain holiness. According to the text, it has the effect of the cross on a nuns bosom. It imparted to the wearer a kind of sacredness, which enabled her to walk securely amid all peril. Had she fallen among thieves, it would have kept her safe (13, 5). But now many years later when she returns and takes it upon herself to wear the scarlet letter again, it has become for her, and others, a symbol of grace. With evidence, it concisely portrays this grace within the letter, a type of something to be sorrowed over, and looked up with awe, yet with reverence too (24, 11). If our focus transitions back to Pearl and how she simply reflects the embroiderment as well as Hester herself, we can easily point to how Hester and Pearls relationship is. From the text, it is so evidently clear that their relationship is almost like an interlinked symbol in itself. They simply symbolize each other because when Hester, the reader or Pearl herself thinks of Pearl and what she symbolizes and means, we think of the embroidered A automatically. The same goes for the A, as the meaning behind it is about Pearl herself when the characters and reader think about that letter. From the text, we can see how the twos relationship is unbreakable and indefinitely strong even from the beginning of Pearls life, God gave her into my keeping repeated Hester Prynne, raising her voice almost to a shriek. I will not give her up! And here, by sudden impulse, she turned to the young clergyman, Mr. Dimmesdale, at whom, up to this moment, she had seemed hardly so much as once to direct her eyes (8, 24). With this kept in mind, we still know that Pearl is a constant reminder that Hester is a sinner. Pearl and the letter symbolize adultery and truth. Pearl represents the scarlet letter and everything it stands for. Despite this, it can be easily concluded that their relationship is strong and continues to be bonded through the sharing of the A. Since they both have a connection to it and realize its importance and individuality from everyone else, it essentially bonds them to be how they are characterized in the text as well as how they act and express their feelings to each other. Another important part of the text is when Hester goes back to her way of wearing the scarlet letter, due to her past playing an important part of her identity and creating individuality for herself. By simply embroidering the letter, it can be said that Hester transforms a badge of shame into a symbol of individuality. It just cannot be something that can or should be erased because someone has decided it is shameful. But there was a more real life for Hester Prynne here, in New England, than in that unknown region where Pearl had found a home. Here had been her sin; here, her sorrow; and here was yet to be her penitence. She had returned, therefore, and resumed, of her own free will, for not the sternest magistrate of that iron period would have imposed it, resumed the symbol of which we have related so dark a tale. Never afterwards did it quit her bosom. But the scarlet letter ceased to be a stigma which attracted the worlds scorn and bitterness, and became a type of something to be sorrowed over, and looked upon with awe, and yet with reverence, too (24, 337). What she takes on is more similar to reconciliation than penitence. She creates a life where the scarlet letter acts as a symbol of overcoming adversity and of knowledge gained rather than a sign of failure. She assumes control of her own identity and in doing this, she becomes an example for others. She is not, however, the example of sin that she was once intended to be. Rather, she is an example of redemption and self-empowerment. Through all of these various symbols of Hester and Pearl that have been examined through this embroiderment of the letter A, we see how these characters have their own symbols in themselves that are easily translated into the symbols of the letter. Individuality, sin, possibility of redemption and more are uncovered and are then transformed into changing meanings for these characters while they travel through their life with this letter. All classic literature uses symbolism in one way or another to embellish meaning and deeper analysis for the reader to further examine. The very basis of every character, their personal appearance and the way they act revolves around one thing: The Scarlet Letter in crimson fabric. The aspect of embroidery takes a dominant role in how the plot pans out and how the characters transform and are shaped. The embroiderment on Hester is simply a representation of her beloved daughter Pearl whom she has a growing love and of her individuality of this crime that becomes a deep part of her, which expresses her individuality. The letter and her daughter Pearl are essentially a reflection of who she is and all that she is. We do see that as the story progresses that this symbolism of the scarlet letter morphes and grows into more than what we think it represents. These persistent main themes and points that are crafted through the use of this one type of form of art of sewing and needles is wha t carries such a strong function in this book and with these characters.

African-American Culture - 2578 Words

Running head: AFRICAN-AMERICAN CULTURE African-American Culture Abstract In this paper I discuss the African-American culture in regards to values, norms and beliefs. I also discuss my family’s adaptation to these values, norms and beliefs along with my own individual cultural sense of identity. Lastly, this paper reflects the impact of my role and ethical responsibilities as a social worker, especially in relation to working with the Hmong family in the book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. My cultural group in regards to values, norms, and beliefs. The African-American people have suffered great hardships since slavery. During the 15 and 19th century many Africans were taken and forced into slavery. Some slaves†¦show more content†¦I often wonder how much more amazing my mother would have been if she had been afforded the opportunity of receiving a proper education. Last but not least, spirituality was highly valued in our home more so than anything else. My mother was a strong woman of faith. She had to be because the deck was stacked against her: she was black, widowed with little education. Though she had those things against her, I believe those same things molded and shaped her to being the influential person she was. My mother seen a lot of hard times, she was no stranger to adversity and obstacles but she always believed in prayer and the fact that the Lord would make a way out of no way. When she had nothing else she had her faith and it made everythi ng alright. My individual sense of identity When I was young I didn’t really realize the impact of being African-American until high school. I went to a predominately white school for elementary and middle school. I was just like any other youth. I had my group of friends who were white; I was active in school activities and clubs. I was a student athlete and I got along well with my teachers. Everyone saw me as an upbeat person with a bubbly personality. Surprisingly, race was never brought up it wasn’t an issue for me during that period of my life. However, as I got older I realize there was a difference. As an adult I could really see the prejudice in others. I recall working a on a special project for theShow MoreRelatedAfrican Of African American Culture1572 Words   |  7 PagesThere is no doubt that African Americans have a rich cultural background and history like the many different ethnic groups who settled in the New World, whose origins lie in another country. For this reason, America was known as the melting pot. However, the backgrounds of each of these cultures were not always understood or, in the case of African Americans, accepted among the New World society and culture. Americans were ignorant to the possibility of differences among groups of people until informationRead MoreAfrican Americans And African American Culture953 Words   |  4 Pagesand perception of the African American culture. One common characteristic is that African Americans are much more likely to live in poverty and poverty stricken areas than White Americans (McNamara Burns, 2009). What I have learned it is not as simple as African Americans are poorer than White Americans. While the statement is true, it is simplistic. There are many reasons and. causes for the disparity in wealth and income between African Americans and White American. One explanation givenRead MoreAfrican Americans And African American Culture Essay1804 Words   |  8 Pagesblack America? Afr ican American culture in the United States has evolved continuously throughout United States history carrying on various cultural traditions of African ethnic groups brought here during slavery. The U.S. Census Bureau defines African Americans as a person having origins in any of the Black race groups of Africa.[1]. African American culture is derived chiefly from people originated from sub-Saharan and Sahelian cultures in Africa. Over hundreds of years, black culture has partiallyRead MoreAfrican Americans And The American Culture Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesThe American culture is define to everyone in their own way. Everyone grows up differently in a particular community that shares the same languages, values, rules, and customs. The American Culture on that is consider to be a â€Å"melting pot†, because of all the different cultures that reside inside of it making it so diverse. Race in this country has never been a great topic throughout history. African Americans p lay a huge role into defining what our culture is as a whole, as well as being a partRead MoreThe Evolution Of African American Culture1508 Words   |  7 PagesMy NHD research paper is about the evolution of African American culture. I choose this topic because I have always curious about my culture and I wanted to learn more about my history and where I came from. I’ve seen a couple of movies and read a few things, but this time it is actual research the facts and I get to understand and interpret all of the information. Some of the movies that I’ve seen are 12 Years a Slave, Roots and a few other ones. Those movies helped me think about the topicsRead MoreAppropriation Of African American Culture1119 Words   |  5 Pagesdisrespectful and harmful to the culture being appropriated. In everyday society, African-American culture is being used to be â€Å"cool† and â€Å"different†. The fact that society values a white person for doing the same things black people having being doing for decades, â€Å"everyone wants to be black until it’s time to be black†, and allowing people to remain prejudice and/or ignore the racism the black community deals with, has led me to believe that the appropriation of African-American culture is significant and itsRead MoreThe Segregation Of African American Culture835 Words   |  4 PagesI feel for the most part the characteristics in this united or consistent with my experience in the African American culture. Slavery did set us back some years, but I have to say it has made us stronger. Most of us had to face great obstacles to get in a good place, but no matter what we keep making it through the adversity. After slavery, we as a culture had to make it through the jim crow laws. This sparked the civil right movement that gave blacks a voice to speak out against the injustice thatRead More Essay on African American Culture2045 Words   |  9 PagesEssay on African American Culture Works Cited Missing African American culture is defined as the learned, shared and transmitted values, beliefs, norms, and life ways carried by this group of people, which guides their decisions, thinking, and actions in patterned ways. The individual in society is bound by rules of their culture. Culture of people are different in that the same events that maybe fear- inducing in one culture, maybe anger-inducing in another culture (Leiningers, 1991). Read MoreOverview of African-American Culture1898 Words   |  8 PagesBeing a resident of South Carolina, African-American Culture was chosen as part of the applied learning project for the Intercultural Nursing class, because African-Americans make up more than a quarter of this state’s population. According to the 2010 United States Census Bureau, the total population for South Carolina (S.C.) is 4,625,364, with 27.9% being of African-American descent. The purpose of this paper is to develop an understanding and sensitivity to issues and cultural variances or phenomenaRead MoreBody Image : The African American Culture1667 Words   |  7 PagesImage in the African American Culture Today we live in a society that over the years has become so obsessed with body image and how an individual should look. Different cultures have different standards and norms that help to define their ideal body image. African Americans because of their differences in culture have gone against most cultural norms and have set their own definitions of beauty, body image, and body satisfaction. Because of these key differences, the African American community

A Brief Overview of British Literary Periods

Although historians have delineated the eras of British literature in different ways over time, common divisions are outlined below.   Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period (450–1066) The term Anglo-Saxon comes from two Germanic tribes, the Angles and the Saxons. This period of literature dates back to their invasion (along with the Jutes) of Celtic England circa 450. The era ends in 1066, when Norman France, under William, conquered England. Much of the first half of this period, prior to the seventh century, at least, had oral literature. A lot of the prose during this time was a translation of something else or legal, medical, or religious in nature; however, some works, such as Beowulf,  and those by period poets Caedmon and Cynewulf, are important. Middle English Period (1066–1500) The Middle English period sees a huge transition in the language, culture, and lifestyle of England and results in what we can recognize today as a form of â€Å"modern† (recognizable) English. The era extends to around 1500. As with the Old English period, much of the Middle English writings were religious in nature; however, from about 1350 onward, secular literature began to rise. This period is home to the likes of Chaucer, Thomas Malory, and Robert Henryson. Notable works include Piers Plowman and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.   The Renaissance (1500–1660) Recently, critics and literary historians have begun to call this the â€Å"Early Modern† period, but here we retain the historically familiar term â€Å"Renaissance.† This period is often subdivided into four parts, including the Elizabethan Age (1558–1603), the Jacobean Age (1603–1625), the Caroline Age (1625–1649), and the Commonwealth Period (1649–1660).   The Elizabethan Age was the golden age of English drama. Some of its noteworthy figures include Christopher Marlowe, Francis Bacon, Edmund Spenser, Sir Walter Raleigh, and, of course, William Shakespeare.  The Jacobean Age is named for the reign of James I. It includes the works of John Donne, Shakespeare, Michael Drayton, John Webster, Elizabeth Cary, Ben Jonson, and Lady Mary Wroth. The King James translation of the Bible also appeared during the Jacobean Age.  The Caroline Age covers the reign of Charles I (â€Å"Carolus†). John Milton, Robert Burton, and George Herbert are some of the notable figures. Finally, the Commonwealth Age was so named for the period between the end of the English Civil War and the restoration of the Stuart monarchy. This is the time when Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan, led Parliament, who ruled the nation. At this time, public theaters were closed (for nearly two decades) to prevent public assembly and to combat moral and religious transgressions. John Milton and Thomas Hobbes’ political writings appeared and, while drama suffered, prose writers such as Thomas Fuller, Abraham Cowley, and Andrew Marvell published prolifically. The Neoclassical Period (1600–1785) The Neoclassical period is also subdivided into ages, including The Restoration (1660–1700), The Augustan Age (1700–1745), and The Age of Sensibility (1745–1785). The Restoration period sees some response to the puritanical age, especially in the theater. Restoration comedies (comedies of manner) developed during this time under the talent of playwrights such as William Congreve and John Dryden. Satire, too, became quite popular, as evidenced by the success of Samuel Butler. Other notable writers of the age include Aphra Behn, John Bunyan, and John Locke. The Augustan Age was the time of Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift, who imitated those first Augustans and even drew parallels between themselves and the first set. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, a poet, was prolific at this time and noted for challenging stereotypically female roles. Daniel Defoe was also popular.   The Age of Sensibility  (sometimes referred to as the Age of Johnson) was the time of Edmund Burke, Edward Gibbon, Hester Lynch Thrale, James Boswell, and, of course, Samuel Johnson. Ideas such as neoclassicism, a critical and literary mode, and the Enlightenment, a particular worldview shared by many intellectuals, were championed during this age. Novelists to explore include Henry Fielding, Samuel Richardson, Tobias Smollett, and Laurence Sterne, as well as the poets William Cowper and Thomas Percy. The Romantic Period (1785–1832) The beginning date for the Romantic period is often debated. Some claim it is 1785, immediately following the Age of Sensibility. Others say it began in 1789 with the start of the French Revolution, and still, others believe that 1798, the publication year for William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s book Lyrical Ballads, is its true beginning. The time period ends with the passage of the Reform Bill (which signaled the Victorian Era) and with the death of Sir Walter Scott. American literature has its own Romantic period, but typically when one speaks of Romanticism, one is referring to this great and diverse age of British literature, perhaps the most popular and well-known of all literary ages. This era includes the works of such juggernauts as Wordsworth, Coleridge, William Blake, Lord Byron, John Keats, Charles Lamb, Mary Wollstonecraft, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Thomas De Quincey, Jane Austen, and Mary Shelley. There is also a minor period, also quite popular (between 1786–1800), called the Gothic era.  Writers of note for this period include Matthew Lewis, Anne Radcliffe, and William Beckford. The Victorian Period (1832–1901) This period is named for the reign of Queen Victoria, who ascended to the throne in 1837,  and it lasts until her death in 1901.  It was a time of great social, religious, intellectual, and economic issues, heralded by the passage of the Reform Bill, which expanded voting rights. The period has often been divided into â€Å"Early† (1832–1848), â€Å"Mid† (1848–1870) and â€Å"Late† (1870–1901) periods or into two phases, that of the Pre-Raphaelites (1848–1860) and that of Aestheticism and Decadence (1880–1901). This period is in strong contention with the Romantic period for being the most popular, influential, and prolific period in all of English (and world) literature. Poets of this time include Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Christina Rossetti, Alfred Lord Tennyson, and Matthew Arnold, among others. Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, and Walter Pater were advancing the essay form at this time.  Finally, prose fiction truly found its place under the auspices of Charles Dickens, Charlotte and Emily Bronte, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), Anthony Trollope, Thomas Hardy, William Makepeace Thackeray, and Samuel Butler.   The Edwardian Period (1901–1914) This period is named for King Edward VII and covers the period between Victoria’s death and the outbreak of World War I. Although a short period (and a short reign for Edward VII), the era includes incredible classic novelists such as Joseph Conrad, Ford Madox Ford, Rudyard Kipling, H.G. Wells, and Henry James (who was born in America but who spent most of his writing career in England), notable poets such as Alfred Noyes and William Butler Yeats, as well as dramatists such as James Barrie, George Bernard Shaw, and John Galsworthy. The Georgian Period (1910–1936) The Georgian period usually refers to the reign of George V (1910–1936) but sometimes also includes the reigns of the four successive Georges from 1714–1830. Here, we refer to the former description as it applies chronologically and covers, for example, the Georgian poets, such as Ralph Hodgson, John Masefield, W.H. Davies, and Rupert Brooke. Georgian poetry today is typically considered to be the works of minor poets anthologized by Edward Marsh. The themes and subject matter tended to be rural or pastoral in nature, treated delicately and traditionally rather than with passion (like was found in the previous periods) or with experimentation (as would be seen in the upcoming modern period).   The Modern Period (1914–?) The modern period traditionally applies to works written after the start of World War I. Common features include bold experimentation with subject matter, style, and form, encompassing narrative, verse, and drama. W.B. Yeats’ words, â€Å"Things fall apart; the center cannot hold† are often referred to when describing the core tenet or â€Å"feeling† of modernist concerns. Some of the most notable writers of this period, among many, include the novelists James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Aldous Huxley, D.H. Lawrence, Joseph Conrad, Dorothy Richardson, Graham Greene, E.M. Forster, and Doris Lessing; the poets W.B. Yeats, T.S. Eliot, W.H. Auden, Seamus Heaney, Wilfred Owens, Dylan Thomas, and Robert Graves; and the dramatists Tom Stoppard, George Bernard Shaw, Samuel Beckett, Frank McGuinness, Harold Pinter, and Caryl Churchill. New Criticism also appeared at this time, led by the likes of Woolf, Eliot, William Empson, and others, which reinvigorated literary criticism in general. It is difficult to say whether modernism has ended, though we know that postmodernism has developed after and from it; for now, the genre remains ongoing. The Postmodern Period (1945–?) The postmodern period begins about the time that World War II ended. Many believe it is a direct response to modernism. Some say the period ended about 1990, but it is likely too soon to declare this period closed.  Poststructuralist literary theory and criticism developed during this time. Some notable writers of the period include Samuel Beckett, Joseph Heller, Anthony Burgess, John Fowles, Penelope M. Lively, and Iain Banks. Many postmodern authors wrote during the modern period as well.

Political Communications Malaysian Airlines Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Political implication on Malaysia and China China does not believe in the theories that Malaysia Airline detectors said about the plane. China is claiming that the theories about the missing airline are not satisfying since Malaysia is unable to take the system design into account. China has a problem with this theory of the missing airline climbing up to 35,000 feet since it claims that within the moment the airline took off, it was not supposed to climb to such high point thus saying that it exceeds the Airline services ceiling by 3,000 feet which occurred in few second. This makes China not to understand about the claim saying that this was a plot to kill the Chinese residents. This makes China and Malaysia to be at loggerheads politically since China does not believe the theory (Sevastopulo, 2014). Malaysian government failure to notify the Chinese government about the crash earlier makes it hard for the Chinese government to understand why they were not involved in the search and rescue mission. This makes China to see a s if it was a plot to subject the Chinese residents to death. United States while carrying the rescue mission stated that the flight 370 stayed in the air for about four hours until it reached the confirmed location in the southern Indian Ocean (David, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Political Communications: Malaysian Airlines or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The public is kept with first hand information about how the government is doing in collaboration with other countries that are developed in terms of technology. The use of website is used to communicate and advertising media but currently it is used to indicate how the rescue and search mission is being conducted to make sure about global awareness of the Malaysian missing airline.

The Glass Menagerie - Amanda Wingfield Essay - 767 Words

The Glass Menagerie - Amanda Wingfield If there is a signature character type that marks Tennessee -Williams’s dramatic work, it is undeniably that of the faded Southern belle. Amanda is a clear representative of this type. In general, a Tennessee Williams faded belle is from a prominent Southern family, has received a traditional upbringing, and has suffered a reversal of economic and social fortune at some point in her life. Like Amanda, these women all have a hard time coming to terms with their new status in society—and indeed, with modern society in general, which disregards the social distinctions that they were taught to value. Their relationships with men and their families are turbulent, and they staunchly defend the†¦show more content†¦Unlike them, she is convinced that she is not doing so and, consequently, is constantly making efforts to engage with people and the world outside her family. Amanda’s monologues to her children, on the phone, and to Jim all reflect quite clearly her moral and psychological failings, but they are also some of the most colorful and unforgettable words in the play. The essence of Amanda’s character is caught in her first speech. She seems to need to nag at her children, especially Tom, and she is not even aware that she is nagging. Essentially, she must have something to talk about, and she nags at Tom about little things because she fears that she has lost or is losing him as far as the big things, the significant things, in life are concerned. Amanda’s sense of unreality is caught in these first episodes as she lives in a world of servants and gentlemen callers. Always her language suggests another time and place. Note that all of Amanda’s so-called gentlemen callers either came from the wealthy or became wealthy. The question will arise as to whether she actually had these callers or not. Amanda might have been somewhat popular, but it is almost inconceivable to believe that she actually did have as many as seventeen gentlemen callers. But what is important is that Amanda now believes this story so strongly that the gentlemen callers have become a reality for her. The scene ends again onShow MoreRelatedThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1637 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Glass Menagerie† by Tennessee Williams is a play about desire to escape and this concept is conveyed through a variety of techniques and ideas shown in this play of exploration by the playwright, Tom Wingfield. First, Jim tries to escape his engagement by having a romantic night with Laura. Then, Tom’s father escapes for the same reasons Tom did. Thirdly, according to Roger Boxill from ‘The Glass Menagerie’ Amanda escapes by reminiscing â€Å"Blue Mountain ... 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Law Essay Legal Framework of European Union Citizenship Free Essays

string(72) " It was argued that the concept is â€Å"toothless† \(Jacqueson: 2002 p\." How has the legal framework of European Union citizenship been constructedTo what extent has this translated into a substantive practice of European citizenship? The construction of the legal framework for European Union citizenship started with the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992 and has grown into its present form under the fractious Treaty of Lisbon which came into force on 1st December 2009 after an Irish referendum and excruciating Czech uncertainty. These provisions have been the product of years of work. The Lisbon Treaty, the Charter of Fundamental Rights, the Citizenship Directive and the case law so far constitute the remainder of what is a complex and dynamic legal framework. We will write a custom essay sample on Law Essay: Legal Framework of European Union Citizenship or any similar topic only for you Order Now In spite of the fact that the concept of the European Union citizenship has entered into common knowledge with even a flag, an anthem and a EU passport (Lenaerts Van Nuffel: 2005) and is indisputably a key part of the European Union, it attracts criticism for being â€Å"toothless† (Jacqueson: 2002 p. 263) and departing from the original pure notions of citizenship as envisaged by the Adonnino Committee of 1985 (Lenaerts Van Nuffel: 2005, Kent: 2008). In the second part of this paper, it will be argued to what extent the legal framework of the European Union citizenship has translated into substantive practice and to what extent the concept is merely symbolic. This will be accomplished by an analysis of the relevant case law and interpretation of the factual findings of the European Commission as well as academic opinions. It was not until 1975 and the Tindeman’s Report, instigated by the Paris Summit of December 1974, that the term European Citizenship was used for the first time (Chalmers: 2010). The aim of the report prepared by the Belgian Prime Minister was to indicate how the term â€Å"European Union† might be interpreted (European Navigator online: 2011). In the report there was a chapter devoted solely to â€Å"A Citizen of Europe† (Tindeman: 1975). It dealt with giving the nationals of the member states civil, political and social rights. The 1970s and 1980s witnessed numerous yet fruitless attempts of the European Commission and the European Parliament to implement these notions (Chalmers: 2010). In September 1990, the Spanish government initiated a proposal called â€Å"The Road to European Citizenship† (Lenaerts Van Nuffel: 2005, Kent: 2008). It expressly called for European Union Citizenship to be established (Chalmers: 2010). The Parliament, the Commission a nd many Member States supported the proposal and as a result, Part 2 of the TEU dealt with the notion of Union citizenship (Chalmers: 2010). Part Two of the TEU, in particular Articles 17-22, constitutes the substantial part of the early legal framework of the citizenship of the European Union. Article 17 extended the rights of citizenship to â€Å"every person holding a nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union† (Art 17(1)). Crucially, Union citizenship is â€Å"not to replace the national citizenship† (ibid). Thus it is frequently asserted that citizenship created by this provision is supplementary or complementary to that of citizenship of Member State (Birkinshaw: 2010, Lenaerts Van Nuffel: 2005, Kent: 2008). It is also derivative, which means that a person is citizen of the Union only when he or she is a citizen of a member state (see Case C-369/90 Mitchelitti [1992] ECRI) TEU provides for certain identifiable rights such as the right to move freely and reside within the territory of a Member State for the citizens of European Union and their families, if they are engaged in internal market economic activity or financially self-sufficient (Article 18(1). furthermore, under article 19(1), citizens have a right to vote and stand for municipal elections in the host Member State. They also have passive and active voting rights in host Member State for elections to the European Parliament (Article 19(2) TEU). Article 20 offers diplomatic and consular protection. Article 21 enshrines a right to petition the European Parliament and a right to complain to the European Ombudsman. The Council of the European Union may strengthen or add to the citizenship rights already specified in the Treaty, however it may not detract from them (Article 22 TEU). Another level in the construction of the citizenship’s legal framework is The Treaty of Lisbon. It brought ab out advances to the notion of European Union citizenship such as European Citizens’ Initiative (Articles 11 TEU and 24 TFEU) and Provisions on Democratic Principle (Title II TEU). Moreover, the Charter of Fundamental Rights contains in is legally binding under Lisbon although the UK has an opt-out. The final step in the making of the framework of the European Union citizenship was Directive 2004/48 on the Right of Citizens of the Unionand their Family Members to Move and Reside Freely within the Territory of the Member States. The aim of the Directive was, inter alia, to promote moving and residing freely within the European Union and to reduce administrative formalities to minimum (Horsepool: 2006) A period of three months has been allowed for citizens to reside in a Member State with merely having an ID or passport. The limitations to this Directive are having sufficient resources or being workers or self-employed so not becoming a burden on the State due to the benefits claimed (Horsepool: 2006). Furthermore, after 5 years residence in a Member State, a citizen would receive a permanent right of residence (Horsepool: 2006). This particular provision does not impose any conditions (ibid). The provisions listed above as the legal framework of Union citizenship constitute an invaluable step towards a more complete belonging of people to the European Union. The idea of universal citizenship, although it has been developing in the course of the last forty years, is still an incomplete one. It is an unfinished and unpolished product. Looking closely at the provisions listed above, the inevitable question arises: is the Union citizenship substantive or merely symbolicTo what extent has the framework of citizenship translated into a substantive practiceQuintessentially, is European citizenship what would be generally understood as citizenship? Some harsh comments have been made about the concept over the years. It was argued that the concept is â€Å"toothless† (Jacqueson: 2002 p. You read "Law Essay: Legal Framework of European Union Citizenship" in category "Essay examples" 263). In fact, some went even further to say that it is not citizenship at all: â€Å"Citizens are individuals who decide upon citizen’s rights, and so citizens have the power to define their content and scope† (p. 205 Birkenshaw: 2010). It is difficult to see how this definition applies to Union citizenship since the citizens of the European Union have very limited powers (Birkenshaw: 2010). Accusations are made of it being a passive kind of citizenship which does not encourage or allow for participation of citizens in the community and lacks a sense of membership (Craig: 2003 p. 760 and see Konstadinides: 2010). There are also practical problems with implementation of some of the provisions in certain Member States. Such problems reduce the extent to which the theoretical framework translates into substantive citizenship. One of the difficulties is with Article 19 of TEU, the right to vote: â€Å"different constitutional provisions in certain Member States and hence derogations are permitted†. (p. 759 Craig: 2003) Perhaps most prominently, criticism has attached to the restrictions on residence right and discrimination against resident third country nationals (Craig: 2003). Article 18 TEU deals with rights of free movement and residence. This right is subject to â€Å"limitations and conditions laid down in the Treaty and by the measures adopted to give it effect† (Art. 18(1)). Curiously, these were not the first provisions regarding free movement and residence enacted (Craig: 2003). Three Directives were adopted in 1990 (90/365, 90/366, 90/364) which required Member States to grant rights of residence (work permits) to specific groups of people other than workers and their families subject to those people with resources not to claim social security benefits and had health insurance (Craig: 2003). Despite the fact that the right of residence no longer requires economical activity, financial self-sufficiency is still essential (Craig: 2003). The difficulty with this condition is that i t means the right of free movement is significantly restricted as Chalmers memorably observed: â€Å"The European Union citizenship is a citizenship for all Europeans who are not poor or sick† (Chalmers: 2010 p. 449). The ECJ has also played a vital part in developing substantive practice. In the Case C-85/96 Martinez Sala v. Freistaat Bayern [1998] ECR I-2691 social and financial inequality among citizens were addressed and laid to rest criticisms that TEU citizenship were merely â€Å"symbolic†. The effect of this ruling was that any Union citizen lawfully resident in a Host State can rely on the principle of non-discrimination (Lenaerts Van Nuffel: 2005). The problem was further addressed in the Case C-184/99 Grzelczyk v. Centre public d’aide sociale d’Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve [2001] ECR I-6193. In this case Grzelczyk was held to be allowed welfare benefits in accordance with the notion that those in the same situation should enjoy the same treatment (Hofmann: 2010 p.6), The difficulty remains in the restrictive application of art 18(1) dealing with the right of residence and the interaction with equal treatment (Jacqueson: 2002). Further developments in the doctrine of citizenship and the difficulties of application of Art 18 were created in the case of C -413/99 Baumbast, R v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2002). This case held that Article 18(1) is directly effective subject to the principle of proportionality. As a result a migrant worker who was a Union citizen could renew his residence permits in the UK. Further innovative case law came in Case C-200/01 Zhu and Chen where it is clear that a mother’s rights may derive from a child who needs to be cared for and the UK’s refusal of residence rights was overturned (Horsepool: 2006). Conversely, it is also argued that European Union citizenship is constrained to the consequences of free movement of people (Konstadinides: 2010). Additionally, to lend credibility to the view that the legal framework has not translated into substantive practice of Union citizenship, there are a number of complaints made by the Union citizens who have sought to enforce their rights (Turner: 1999). These problems have been revealed following studies of the Commission, Council and the Parliament (ibid). The results showed a number of difficulties which included: â€Å"obtaining residence permits because of unnecessary and unlawful administrative practices in the Member States; administrative practices in some member states whereby passports are held while residence-permit applications are processed; policies of stamping of passports on entry (the stamp thus serving as a residence permit and no separate permit being issued); rejection of visa applications without justification; unjustified expulsions or expulsions for minor offences; failure to recognise professional qualifications; unjustified discrimination on the grounds of nationality when applying for certain jobs; and difficulties in the registration of foreign cars and motorcycles for personal use.â€Å" (Turner: 1999 p. 3) To address the difficulties, the Commission responded by creating a list of aims (Turner: 1999 p. 3). These included minimizing undue delays in the administration of residence-permit applications, corrected application of free movement rules in expulsions and other measures aimed at EU citizens and protecting the rights of groups such as â€Å"third-country nationals who are family members of EU citizens† (ibid). In addition to the above listed practical and legal aspects, Union citizenship has been criticised for reasons such as â€Å"the symbolism of super-statehood inherent in the notion of EU Citizenship† (Craig: 2003 p. 760), the â€Å"Literal interpretation of the citizenship provision inserted by the Maastricht Treaty reveals symbolic nature of the concept† (p.260 Jacqueson: 2010) and furthermore, â€Å"If the Community is to gain the respect and support of its citizens, European citizenship must be seen to amount to more than a few extra voting rights and an easier ride from the immigration authorities of the Member States† (Vincenzi: 1995 p. 274-275,) To move away from the dangerous zone of EU citizenship being considered bringing nothing new and symbolic, perhaps, an overall institutional and political reform in EU needed for meaningful citizenship (Craig: 2003). According to Turner (1999) what would make the notion of European citizenship translate into more su bstantive practice would be â€Å"the existence of an effective body of EC legislation giving effect to the citizenship provisions in the EC Treaty.â€Å"(1999: p. 3). Nevertheless, Turner is hopeful that with time, the obstacles on the way of reality of European citizenship will be overcome and: â€Å"The concept of EU citizenship will then be transformed from myth into reality† (p.3). As much as it is easy to criticize the notion in the light of the factual findings, perhaps Turner’s positive outlook should be embraced. What must be acknowledged is that the architects attempted to â€Å"rethink and transform citizenship† in order to create something new and better for the people of the European Union (Kostakopoulou, p. 38). When on 16 April 2004, in an interview with Jacques F. Poos, former Luxembourg Foreign Minister, he was asked whether he regarded the European citizenship as a great success, he answered: â€Å"It is a success formally speaking† and although at the time he referred to not making use of voting rights due to lack of information and politics, his statement was very true about the notion of European citizenship altogether (www.ena.lu). European Union Citizenship is a new and dynamic concept. The plethora of complex case law and negative academic opinions together with opinions of the citizens conferred to the European Commission show that although the legal framework of the European citizenship is â€Å"formally speaking a success†, it has not translated into substantive practice yet to any great extent at all. However, some credit must be given as Union citizenship is likely to, in time, turn into a fully effective legal instrument, grow teeth and shed its old â€Å"toot hless† image. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Balibar Ettiene â€Å"We the People of Europe: Reflections on Transnational Citizenship† Princeton University Press, 2004 2. Birkinshaw, Patrick â€Å"European Union legal order after Lisbon† Kulwer Law International 2010 3. Chalmers, Damian Davies Gareth, Monti, Giorgio European Union Law Texts and Materials Cambridge University Press, 2010 p.444 4. Craig Paul, De Burca Grainne EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials Oxford University Press 2003 5. Heater, Derek Benjamin A Brief History of Citizenship, Edinburgh University Press, 2004 6. Horspool, Margaret Humphreys, Matthew European Union Law Oxford University Press 2006 7. Kent, Penelope Law of the European Union Pearson Longman: Worldwide 2008 8. Lenaerts Van Nuffel Constitutional Law of the European Union Thomson: London 2005 9. Steiner, Josephine Textbook on EC Law Blackstone Press Limited, 1994 10. Weatherhill, Stephen Beaumont, Paul EC Law Penguin Books, 1994 11. Usher John Cases and Materials on the Law of the European Communities Butterworths, 1993 Journals: 1. Barber N.W. â€Å"Citizenship, nationalism and the European Union† European Law Review, 2002 E.L. Rev. 2002, 27(3), 241-259 2. Dougan Michael â€Å"Cross-border educational mobility and the exportation of student financial assistance† European Law Review, 2008, E.L. Rev 2008, 33(5), 723-738 3. Fahey Elaine â€Å"Interpretive legitimacy and the distinction between â€Å"social assistance† and â€Å"work seekers allowance†: Comment on Cases C-22/08 and C-23/08 Vatsouras and Koupatantze† European Law Review, 2009, E.L. Rev. 2009, 34(6), 933-949 4. Hilson Chris â€Å"What’s in a rightThe relationship between Community, fundamental and citizenship rights in EU law â€Å" European Law Review, E.L. Rev. 2004, 29(5), 636-651 5. Konstadinides Theodore, â€Å"La fraternite europeeneThe extent of national competence to condition the acquisition and loss of nationality from the perspective of EU citizenship† European Law Review, 2010, E.L. Rev. 2010, 35(3), 401-414 6. Kostakopoulou Dora â€Å"European Union Citizenship: Writing the Future† available at http://aei.pitt.edu/7943/1/kostakopoulou-d-10b.pdf accessed on 27.03.2011 7. Langer Jurian â€Å"European citizenship: a rising tide?† EU Focus, 1999, EU Focus 1999, 33, 2-5 8. Mantu Sandra, â€Å"Janko Rottman v Freistaat Bayern, Case Comment† Journal of Immigration Asylum and Nationality Law, 2010, J.I.A.N.L 2010 24(2) 182-191 9. Shaw Jo â€Å"The many pasts and futures of citizenship in the European Unionâ€Å" European Law Review E.L. Rev. 1997, 22(6), 554-572 10. Turner Catherine â€Å"EU Citizenship: myth or reality†1999 EU Focus 1999, 40, 2-3 11. Vincenzi Christopher â€Å"European citizenship and free movement rights in the United Kingdom† P.L. 1995, Sum, 259-275 Case Law: Rottmann v Freistaat Bayern (C-135/08) Unreported March 2, 2010 (ECJ) Case C-369/90 Mitchelitti [1992] ECRI, Case C-192/99 Kaur [2001] ECR I-1237, Case C-200/02 Zhu and Chen [2004] ECR I-9925 Case C-85/96 Martinez Sala v. Freistaat Bayern [1998] ECR I-2691 Case C-378/97 Criminal Proceedings against Wijsenbeek [1999] ECR I-6207. Case C-184/99 Grzelczyk v. Centre public d’aide sociale d’Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve [2001] ECR I-6193 Case C-193/94 Skanavi and Chyssanthakopoulos [1996] ECR I-929 Case C-413/99 Baumbast and R [2002] ECR I-7091 Case C-209/03 Bidar v London Borough of Ealing [2005] ECR I-2119 Case C-11/06 and C-12/06 Morgan and Bucher [2007] ECR I-9161 Case C-413/99 Baumbast v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] ECR I- 7091 Legislation: Treaty on European Union (Treaty of Maastricht) 1992 Treaty of Lisbon Charter of Fundamental Rights Directives: Directive 2004/48 on the Right of Citizens of the Union an their Family Members to Move and Reside Freely within the Territory of the Member States Directive 1990/365, Directive 1990/366, Directive 1990/364 Reports: Tindemans’ Report 1975 available at http://www.ena.lu/the_tindemans_report-020100267.html Websites visited: 1. European Commision Website: www.ec.europa.eu on 22.03.2011 and 27.03.2011 2. European Commission Citzenship: www.ec.europa.eu/citizneship/index_en.htm on 27.03.2011 2. European Navigator http://www.ena.lu/ on 22.03.2011 3. Westlaw: www.westlaw.co.uk 22.03.2011 Other Materials: Prof. Herwig Hofmann, University of Luxembourg â€Å"EU Constitutional Law: XI: EU Citizenship and the principle of non-descrimination† available at www.ena.lu/eu_constitutional_law_eu_citizenship_principle_non_discrimination-2-37822-1.pdf accessed on 27.03.2011 Transcript of an interview with Jacques F.Poos on the innovations of the Treaty of Maastricht, Sanem, 16 April 1994 available at www.ena.lu accessed on 27.03.2011 EU Focus 2008 â€Å"Commission adopts fifth report on union citizenship† available on westlaw.co.uk accessed on 22.03.2011 How to cite Law Essay: Legal Framework of European Union Citizenship, Essay examples